Tourism Botswana

Currently, Botswana has developed It's tourism Industry Into one that caters for the luxury traveler; offering high-end safaris and lavish accommodations. However, Botswana two mall economies are coming to a fork In the road and the ability to maintain the growth that their economy is experiencing will be directly determined by which path the country ultimately chooses. The Dilemma Diamonds, in truth, are not forever and analysts predict that Botswana diamond reserve will be significantly diminished in twenty years.With the huge profits that diamonds bring, Botswana focused its attention on the diamond industry and as result the economies lack of diversification is apparent. Botswana now needs o tackle this issue while there is still time to savor the benefits of the diamond industry and begin making the necessary preparations for Its eventual replacement. Tourism, It seems, Is the natural step for the country to take, but it does come with Its own challenges.Countries all over the w orld face a salary task; the struggle to find a balance between fostering a growing economy while both protecting and stalling the environment. If Botswana chooses to expand its tourism industry, there will be included, that will be the main attraction. In short, it is progression of the economy rears the preservation of the environment. Impacted Parties Ultimately, it is the wildlife and the landscape that will pay the highest price if an influx is tourism is too steep.As humans move further and further into untouched land, our mark is obvious; pollution, construction, and loss of habitat will occur. Conservation efforts will be important â€Å"Because tourism has a tendency to destroy or at least endanger its own assets, the protection and conservation of its natural environment is imperative† (BID). Conservation groups in Botswana will be eager to hear what measures will be taken to protect the environment.

Consumer Behaviour Essay

Executive Summary In this consumer behavior assignment, I used report formal. Besides that, the product that has given me the highest satisfaction when I purchased is Sony Xperia S, and I had to decide and choose Sony Xperia S this product for my consumer behavior assignment. In this consumer behavior assignment, I have introduced the product history, product background, criterias or features of product and the consumer behavior theory that relevant to my purchasing. Meanwhile, I have provided some picture of Sony Xperia S to make my explanation more distinct. Introduction of Sony Xperia S and consumer behavior theory related with Sony Xperia S and me. 1.0 Sony Ericsson’s History Sony Ericsson was established by two companies, which are Sony Corporation and Ericsson, founded in 2001 (Telford, 2008). Lars Magnus Ericsson is the creator and the director of the Ericsson Company, and he is the first person who mended telegraph equipment and opens telegraph repair workshop in Sweden, founded in 1876. After two year, he started worked with his employee to design and manufactured out the first telegraph called â€Å"electrical speech machine’’ in Ericsson Company (Nilsson, 2001). Following figure 1.1 shows the electrical speech machine. Figure 1.1 Japan country is the first created Sony product. Formerly, all Sony products are under by Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. In 1958, the name of company was officially changed to Sony Corporation and established in Nihonbashi. In 1968, Sony product was a famous technology product in global technology market. Meanwhile, Sony Corporation succeeded as one of the best consumer electronic brands in the world. In 2001 October, Sony Corporation and Ericsson agreed to cooperate and create a Sony Ericsson brand phone, meanwhile Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB was established from 2001 until present. Sony Ericsson C1002S is the first phone released from Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB. Following figure 1.2 shows the Sony Ericsson C1002S. Figure 1.2 Beside that, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB vision statement is to become the communication entertainment brand and mission statement is to provide quality end to end communication services to small and medium sized corporate business (coolpatil, 2010). 2.0 Sony Xperia S Background In this era, smartphone is a very popular electronic phone for all people, such as Iphone, Sony Xperia, Samsung galaxy, HTC and so on. Besides that, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB was released and created many different model, different design, and different specifications of phone. For example, the first generation Sony Ericsson mobile phone was keypad phone. Next, in second generation, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB used Walkman and Cybershot camera combine it together with Sony Ericsson phone and released to consumers. The second generation mobile phone is to attract consumers, who likes to take photo and likes listen music or song. Furthermore, in third generation, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB released and manufactured smartphone to consumer like Sony Xperia S. As a result, we can see Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB was created every new phone depend on future generation. 3.0 Nature of Sony Xperia S The product I choose for this assignment is Sony Xperia S. In 5 March 2012, Sony Xperia S was emerging to all country (McCann, 2012). Sony Xperia S is an Android Gingerbread device, which is upgradable to Android ICS. Sony Xperia S just one simple squares, curves, and vogue look external design. Meanwhile, Sony Xperia S possesses the transparent strip below the display and display screen of the phone is 4.3-inch with Sony’s Bravia HD technology wide and it has a resolution of 720 x 1280 pixels and measurement was 128 x 64 x 10.6mm. The weight of Sony Xperia S is 144grams and it is only 10.6mm thickness. Furthermore, Sony Xperia S just available two colours, that is black and white (Diangson, 2012 ). Following figure 3.1 shows the introduction of Sony Xperia S. Figure 3.1 After that, figure 3.2 shows Sony Xperia S having a 3.5mm headphone jack and unlock buttons or power on the top. Besides that, figure 3.3 shows on the right side having a volume buttons, a dedicated camera button, a HDMI out socket (the cable came in our box) and figure 3.4 shows flap-covered Micro USB on the left side (Savov, 2012). In figure 3.5 shows the front of the phone possesses the front facing 1.3megapixel camera. Moreover, figure 3.6 shows the rear cover possess camera 12-megapixel lens, LED flash light, secondary mic, loudspeaker and at the bottom of the phone are present Sony Ericsson logo (Lavelle, 2012). Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 4.0 The criterias or features of Sony Xperia S The criteria or features of Sony Xperia S that I felt most satisfying are Sony Xperia S’s specification because there are many different types of specification available and inside Sony Xperia S. Which are, PlayStation Certified, high-definition display, HD Video playback, great camera capture, and android application system (Warman, 2012). In this era, I believe most teenage (especially male), prefer to play video game with their computer, phone and game consoles. Besides that, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB used and applies PlayStation Certified and install into Sony Xperia S (Bell, 2012). The role of PlayStation Certified inside the Sony Xperia S is showing out the fantastic HD game display and able to connect to television and enjoy a wide range of games on the big screen. Meanwhile, PlayStation certified also able to receive 3D games and high graphic game like Need for Speed Shift by EA (Bell, 2012). Moreover, PlayStation Certified inside the Sony Xperia S are being a lot of convenient to me, because I can save more money to buy Play Station 2 or Play Station 3 and CD game. Besides that, I can free download some of game via internet. Following figure 4.1 shows the Sony Xperia S possesses PlayStation Certified. Figure 4.1 Besides that, I believe many of consumers same as me prefer high-definition display on their own mobile phone. Meanwhile, Sony Xperia S possesses 342 pixels per inch and 4.3†³ screen with Mobile BRAVIA Engine to present out the performance of extremely sharp images and HD screen (Savov, 2012). Mobile BRAVIA Engine also able to present out more than 16 million colors, in order to the video games, picture or images and video display present more clearly with high performance detail. This Mobile BRAVIA Engine is to fulfill consumers, who like to seek for ultimate visual crispness (Savov, 2012). Meanwhile, I feel that, Sony Xperia S’s screen is clearly than Iphone and Samsung galaxy’s screen. Following figure 4.2 shows the screen performance of Mobile BRAVIA Engine. Figure 4.2 Furthermore, I am most satisfying in Sony Xperia S HD Video playback, because I like recording video with clear graphics in the celebration of birthday with friends and family or other interesting of event (Lavelle, 2012). When I playback any of the video, it is able to play in HD videos and streaming, because Sony Xperia S possesses HD video recording and can be done at 1080p and 30 fps. Besides that, Sony Xperia S having a great HD Video playback means having a great deep impression for me (Lavelle, 2012). Following figure 4.3 shows the performance of HD Video playback. Figure 4.3 Besides that, I also prefer to use Sony Xperia S to capture any picture and scenery, because Sony Xperia S camera features an impressive 12 MP camera that can take pictures with HD clarity (Lavelle, 2012). After pictures is taken, Sony Xperia S able to improve the image quality. Sony Xperia S also possesses ready to shoot in short order, it mean that, Sony Xperia S able to take 2 or 3 picture in one second (Warman, 2012). Furthermore, I were pleasantly surprised during under bright conditions, Sony Xperia S’s Exmor R sensor will automatically focus in bright conditions to capture out a picture still in great clarity (Diangson, 2012 ). Refer to figure 4.4 Sony Xperia S’s camera also possesses special features like a self timer, autofocus, scene recognition and 3D sweep panorama to view picture on the multi-angle 3D display (Savov, 2012). Following figure 4.5shows the performance of capture image. When I compare Sony Xperia S and Iphone, I feel that Iphone are possess seldom features. For example, Iphone not provide landscape mode, night scene mode, and beach or snow mode. Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Lastly, I also like android application system in Sony Xperia S, because it’s convenient to me download any apps like games, entertainment, news, music, media and video via android. Besides that, most apps are free download like angry bird, temple run and draw something. Moreover, all the android apps are easy to download, high speed, convenient and download according to your tastes (Diangson, 2012 ). Furthermore, it helps me done the work early, save time, and many of apps to fulfill me. Following figure 4.6 shows the Sony Xperia S using android application system. Figure 4.6 5.0 Consumer behavior theory that relevant to my purchasing The first theory was influence me with Sony Xperia S is opinion leadership. The definition of opinion leadership is a one person influence and persuades the buying behavior of others. After that, I felt the celebrities or spokespeople influence and persuade me to purchasing Sony Xperia S is Daniel Craig, who is the character of James Bond in 007 movie and Skyfall movie. Opinion leadership theory that linked to me is high esteem by those that accept Daniel Craig opinions. High esteem will give me a boost of strong confidence, because Daniel Craig in character of James Bond is a strong man and smart. Daniel Craig is a main Sony’s consumer innovator. Following figure 5.1 shows the Daniel Craig represent Sony smartphone. Figure 5.1 The second theory I was learn is learning theory. Learning theory is a model of psychology that explains human learning about purchase product or service, gain wisdom and experience for future use. I felt my mind just only focus on Sony Xperia S, because I believe everybody same as me know Sony products is reliable and famous brand in global’s electronic product. The learning theory that linked to me is knowledge. Knowledge will improve my wisdom. Besides that, that, more Sony’s product advancement, more knowledge and experience I received. Following figure 5.2 shows the famous brand name Sony. Figure 5.2 The third theory was involving Sony Xperia S and me is perception. The definition of perception is the process of acquiring, selecting, interpreting and organizing sensory information. I felt all Sony products like Sony Xperia S was attracted me to purchase, when I watched Sony Xperia S advertisement. Perception theory that linked to me is sensation. A good Sony Xperia S advertisement, influence me to buy and try Sony Xperia S. Furthermore, information inputs also involve in my sensation. For example, sight, hearing and touch. When I sight on Sony Xperia S advertisement and I felt that, Sony Xperia S is a new product. Moreover, when I hear introduction of Sony Xperia S and I felt that, Sony Xperia S is a good specification smartphone. Lastly, when I go to Sony shop and I try to touch Sony Xperia S and I felt that, Sony Xperia S is a high quality smartphone. Following figure 5.3 shows Sony Xperia S’s advertisement poster. Figure 5.3 The fourth theory was involving Sony Xperia S and me is personality. Personality is a set of internal traits and distinct behavioral tendencies that result in consistent patterns of behavior in certain situation. I felt my personality is just only like Sony product, because I’m also a Sony’s fans. Personality theory that linked to me is self-concept. Self – concept give me a boost of decision making, because I will follow my personality to make a decision. For example, I see most of my friend like to use Iphone, but I want to different with them, so I decide to choose Sony Xperia S. Besides that, I like android application system more than apple store application system. Following figure 5.4 shows android application system available in Sony Xperia S. Figure 5.4 The last theory was involving Sony Xperia S and me is reference group. The definition of reference group is individual identifies with the group to the extent that he takes on many of the values, attitudes or behaviors of the group members. Reference group theory that linked to me is families and friends. Families are a one group influences me to choose Sony Xperia S, because my father and mother also like to use Sony’s product. For example, my mother always buys Sony’s music speaker and my father like to use Sony’s laptop. Besides that, friends also influence me, because most of my friends like to purchase Sony walkman, Sony camera, and Sony laptop. When having this reference group, I prefer to follow brands that my families and friends choose. Conclusion In conclusion, Sony Xperia S is a great smartphone for us, because Sony Xperia S provides a lot of convenience to us. For example, improve our standard of living, save time, and solve a lot of problem. Besides that, several different type of consumer behavior theory related Sony Xperia S and me. Each type of consumer behavior theory will explain and describe the definition. Meanwhile, consumer behavior is related with our human life, and human’s perception. Moreover, different people have a different type of personal behavior.

Business innovating Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business innovating - Coursework Example ry passage point is referred to as a single locus that is able to shape and mobilize the local network and develop control over all transactions between the local and the global networks in market innovation context. Local network is the relationship between various agents in market setting in which optimization of gains is the central focus within the local market while global is the international perspective of the business innovation diffusion in regard to Actor-Network theory. Intermediaries can be defined as entities which make no difference and so can be ignored as they merely transport the force of some other entity more or less without transformation and so are fairly uninteresting. On the other hand, mediators are entities that multiply difference and so should be the object of study as their outputs cannot be predicted by their inputs. The two concepts are derived from actor-network theory. A typical example is silk and nylon and how they are defined in different societal

Should breastfeeding moms show nipples to the public Essay

Should breastfeeding moms show nipples to the public - Essay Example Beyer Monica successfully brought ought the argument concerning displaying nipples to the public by women during breastfeeding. Using the picture, Monica emotionally connects the readers to the woman and the baby breastfeeding in the picture. The picture gives an idea situation of a woman breastfeeding and exposing her nipple to the public. Monica emotionally connects the reader to the article through involving the actual picture of the scenario. Most of the readers connected to the article because of the picture. Most readers connected the readings and picture of the article to the normal setting in the society. Most people have seen women exposing nipples to the public during breastfeeding. therefore, connecting the actual events in the society and the article created an emotional connection between the reader and Monica, the writer to the article. Beyer Monica argument concerning exposing the nipple to the public during breastfeeding successfully became viral via the internet because of the use of reasoning and logic in persuading the reader. The reader was able to read the article and understand why women ought not to expose the nipple to the public during breastfeeding. Monica logically discusses the aspect of women exposing nipples to the public. Beyer involves to the views of other women that have experienced such incidents before to provide views concerning the argument. The ideas provided by other women in the article assists the reader in making logical reasoning concerning the nipple exposure to the public during breastfeeding.

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Adolescent Issues Post Class Assignment - Essay Example ecode the word, meaning cannot be extracted, when the child cannot decode fluently and automatically, reading is slow and laborious and memory for read material is poor, when the child cannot decode and it taught to rely on â€Å"context cues† or to â€Å"guess† at words, comprehension is compromised (2008 para.2). Reading comprehension problem contributes to an underlying issue of inferential thinking or language comprehension problem. People with non-verbal or right hemisphere disorder are usually brilliant decoders. In this case, people do not have problem in remembering the precise details of read material. Such students do well in early educational period but they face difficulty with the increasing need of reading comprehension. Problems in notes taking during lectures arise due to the fact that there lay a complex comprehension difficulty and inferential thinking. Physiological and psychological impairment can also cause difficulties in comprehension. Reading comprehension is associated with tracking and scanning problems of vision. Psycho educational evaluation should be executed to identify and root out the issue (Kay, 2008 para.3, 4, 6). Joining a gang is a matter of honor and desire among teens today. Some gangs are family based while some are mercenary. Both kinds of gangs have different motivations and attractions for teens. So are the reasons of joining them. According to Wiener (1999) joining a gang is not always the choice of people gangs recruit and initiate the membership process. They protect and formulate the gang structure for their special needs. Twenty seven percent of the youth survey resulted in the result of ‘recruited’ into the current group of friends. They join gang by result of combined approaches push and pull (p.60). †¦The pull—or that which attracts the person to join—often involves four primary attractions: the lure of money, the sense of family, the assurance of protection, and the enticement of family. Of course, these

Critique essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Critique - Essay Example The duty of USA as the world’s superpower is to ensure security of Americans and the world in general. It is involved in wars that upset the world peaceful order. USA and other European allies persuaded Iran to drop nuclear and Uranium production to protect the civil stability existing in the country after many years of war. If US had vested interests in Iran, it would not have lifted the international sanctions regimes, Iran’s key oil ores, banking and financial sector. The country gets at least $4.2 billion profit from the oil sales which USA could benefit as a result of the war. USA would have retained Arak reactor instead of suggesting having the plutonium reduced to manageable levels. An article by BBC News reveals that there are still political constraints that will upset the success of the negotiations about nuclear programs. There is a possibility that Iran could go out for war as opposed to USA opting to strike it and halt the production of nuclear and uranium products. The trips of John Kerry and the US security officials have been fruitless. In an article written by Irene Chapple and Mark Thompson on CNN edition, the newly elected Iran president Rouhani maintains that Iran will continue to embrace the peaceful technology of nuclear weapons. The president had stated six months before Iran went into a peace deal with USA. The president changed his stance on nuclear weapons manufacture in Iran and supported the move to have the facilities inspected. There is a high likelihood that the same president can pursue war interests towards other countries other than USA. The essay states that the bone of contention between USA and Iran emanated from the perception that Iran could be pursuing war to revenge against the west. Iran could still spoil for war against Israel since the feud between the two countries has never been solved since 1979. Iran perceives Israel as an illegitimate state and has no right to exist. The article provides evidence that

Compare and contrast two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and contrast two poems - Essay Example pen rests; as snug as a gun.† (Bloom, 1986) Heaney begins his poem by describing the ‘pen’ which symbolizes the essential instrument for writers. Further the pen is compared to a gun. A gun represents power; so does the pen which enables expression of emotions and thoughts. It is said that the pen is mightier than the sword. A gun is associated with the idea of destruction and suffering. The media in the present world can either make you or break you which prove that the pen can annihilate like the gun, but, the pen can also elevate and one can soar to great heights. ‘Digging’ enhances the idea of the ‘self’ wherein the narrative voice is first person narration as portrayed in the line, â€Å"between my finger and my thumb’. (Bloom, 1986) Plath on the hand begins on a negative note that portrays doubt and depression, â€Å"You do not do, you do not do, Any more, black shoe, In which I have lived like a foot, For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo†. A total sense of anxiety and bereavement sets the mood and tone of the poem. Further the title ‘Daddy’ reveals the fact that Plath’s emotional stability was stunted and this has lead to her feeling like an abandoned child. Further, words such as ‘black shoe’, ‘Achoo’, exhibit the frightened mental state of the child thus portraying dependence on the father figure she wanted but could never have. Plath is seeking self-realization and control from the aftermath of her father’s death. (Jean, 1984) The similarity between Plath and Heaney is that in the second stanza the father figure is established and explored. As witnessed in Heaney â€Å"Under my window a clean rasping sound, When the spade sinks into gravelly ground: My father, digging. I look down† and in Plath â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had time--- Marble-heavy, a bag full of God, Ghastly statue with one grey toe Big as a Frisco seal† the contrast found here is that Heaney portrays

Hidden Job Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hidden Job Market - Research Paper Example The strategies I have come up effective given that it is consistent with the â€Å"push†, â€Å"pull† and â€Å"maintain†. Push is a strategy that is job seekers use to reach out socially to other people who can help them acquire new skills that will ultimately give them employment opportunities (Levinson & Perry, 2011). With this strategy in mind, I intend to take part in voluntary activities that will give me an opportunity to acquire new skills and information. Employees look for skills and other attributes in graduates. Through volunteering in my areas of specialization, I am confident that I will acquire new skills through hands on approach. Another advantage of volunteering is equipping me with the necessary knowledge of my field through my interaction with other workers during the volunteering period. When others are seeking jobs when they lack the necessary skills, I am hopeful that volunteering will help me bridge my knowledge gap. Pull is another strategy that I intend to use in enabling myself to be visible before employers. In a scenario, where many people are competing for the attention of employers, developing an interest in employers is crucial (Bruce, 1993). With pull strategy, individuals make themselves visible by employing different strategies that make them attract employment. With more employers preferring to use social networks to look for employers, I believe that signing up with social websites like LinkedIn is paramount. Upon signing up with LinkedIn, I will create a profile that will list all my skills and qualification. I hope that this will enable employers view my details when they are searching for employees using keywords such as profession or experience. With more employers preferring to use sites as LinkedIn, I am confident that I will be able to catch the eyes of some employers looking for qualified graduates. Maintaining a network of friends and professionals is one of the best strategies that one can use

Starting middle school essay Essay Example for Free

Starting middle school essay Essay The night before middle school, I had mixed feelings. I was kind of nervous but excited at the same time about starting middle school. I had spent the day with my best friend, Mindy, swimming in her backyard. Afterwards, I came home and packed my school supplies in my backpack and ate dinner. I had a hard time sleeping that night because so many things were racing through my head. I worried if I would have any classes with my friends and if I would have nice teachers. I woke up early the next morning and I was still feeling a little nervous but also really excited! When I got to school, I met up with all my friends and compared our schedules. My classes were math, P. E. , reading, core, rotation/ communications, and science. My favorite teachers were Mrs. Latz, Ms. McHale, and Mr. Yu because they were really nice and they made their classes interesting and fun! My favorite classes were the ones taught by my favorite teachers. I found my classes just fine but I was always rushed to get to class on time. It was especially hard when I had to go from one end of campus to the other. Also, at brunch, I only had ten minutes and the bathroom lines were so long, that I didn’t get to eat my snack. At lunch, I only had thirty minutes to eat and I hardly had enough time to go to the bathroom because the lines were still long! I’m sure it will get easier after a couple of days. I had hoped that I would have some classes with my best friends. I also expected to see some kind of bullying on the first day. I definitely thought I would have some mean teachers. However, none of my best friends were in any of my classes. I never saw any bullying all day. I was relieved when I had no mean teachers. Middle school is completely different from elementary, but I think like it. Unlike elementary, middle school has seven different classes and teachers. There is a pool, a gymnasium, and there are definitely more kids. Thankfully, my first day of middle school went pretty well. I think it is going to be a great year! By: Rachel Gieseke PM Core, 9/2/11.

Reimbursement and Pay-for-Performance Essay Example for Free

Reimbursement and Pay-for-Performance Essay Introduction As we come into the 21st Century, we find Healthcare is at a crisis level. Every agency is working on healthcare reform from policymakers to the public and private sector, as well as federally funded Medicare and Medicaid. The business of Medicine is greatly influenced by the government (federal, state and local levels) and private health sections that initiate policies. Pay for Performance is a reimbursement method where physicians and hospitals can receive a higher reimbursement for duplicate services based on the fact that they deliver better quality care with better results and outcomes. This payment reform offers initiates intended to improve efficiency, value, and quality of health care (Hood, 2007). If all doctors receive the same dollar amount as a doctor with poor outcomes, then the doctor with great outcomes should receive a little more and there will be patients that do not mind paying a higher deductible for better medical services (Mayes, 2006). Definition for Pay for performance Kimmel (2005), Pay for performance is a payment approach used in healthcare that is based on clinical information-driven reform. The fundamental concept is to tie payment to how well providers adhere to practice standards. The practice standards are evidence-based and tied to clinical outcomes. The primary areas of focus are preventive care delivery and disease management for chronic illnesses†. Effects on Reimbursement Pay for performance (P4P) is literally a group of performance indicators that are coupled with an incentive. The performance indicators supports the performance aspect of P4P while the incentive indicator is the pay component. Measuring patient outcomes and understanding the variances that  they have, has in part lead to the increasing rise in how pay for performance reimbursement is looked at. This style of reimbursement allows health plans and employers to pay increasing reimbursements to medical providers that have the better outcomes, give average outcome medical providers a chance to improve, and pay those medical providers with the lowest outcomes the least amount of money or not pay them at all (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011). In order to have a pay for performance system in place, you must decide what domains or areas you wish to track, measure, and reward. Some areas in this domain are clinical process, quality and patient safety, access to and availability of care, cost efficiency or cost of care, cost-effectiveness, administrative efficiency and compliance, adoption of information technology, and reporting of performance indicators. These can be set up as a single performance tracker or a multi-domain performance tracker and the measure needed for improvement, importance, and cost. Performance indicators should be valid, reliable, and informative (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011). The Incentive Schemes reward the performance measures, and is another important part of a pay for performance system. Funding proves to be another important part of this type of a reimbursement system. Types of funding include redistributing existing payments where additional funds will not have to be made and the quality of service is already high; however, medical providers with a lower quality of service will receive lower reimburse ments. Generated Savings and New Money are other sources of funding for performance measures. Generated savings claim that an increased quality of service will generate savings, although there are others who feel that new money should be used to fund the performance system. (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011). Impact of System Cost Reductions on the Quality and Efficiency of Health Care The Medicare Physicians Group Practice (PGP) was the first physician pay for performance model used by the federal government. The PGP believes that higher quality and better cost efficiency could be achieved by managing and coordinating patient care and by engaging in wider choices of care management that are able to improve cost efficiency and quality of health care. Interventions include; chronic disease management, high risk and higher cost care management, transitional care management, end-of-life and palliative care programs. If there were a more  successful payment and delivery method to increase the value of health care and improve quality of care, the cost would grow at a slower pace. The American people would be more likely to purchase health insurance coverage that is affordable and more valuable. (Kautter, Pope, Trisolini, 2007). More progress toward effective delivery and system reform is one of the key elements to achieving the goals to push expanded coverage. Information technology is one of these key elements and a major part of pay for performance system. Information systems uses electronic medical records and patient registries have been created to improve the efficiency and quality of health care delivery. These type of initiatives that are being tested to see if cost savings are generated by reducing avoidable hospital stays, cutting down on readmissions and emergency room visits, while simultaneously improving quality of care (Kautter, Pope, Trisolini, 2007). Effect of Pay for performance on Health Care Providers and Their Customers Meredith B. Rosenthal states, Pay for performance will not replace the existing payment structure in either system, but it does allow payors to take into account a set of quality indicators, in addition to volume of service (as fee-for-service does now) or the number of covered lives (in the case of capitation). In this view, pay for performance can be viewed as a mechanism to correct some of the distortionary incentives that already exist in the reimbursement system. Physicians in the United States are paid on a fee-for-service basis. This encourages high volumes of services, where there is no regard to the value of services in regards to a patient. When services are reimbursed more generously than others it allows the payment system to influence additional medical services with a heavy emphasis on procedure-based care. Since the physicians pay is not attached to medical services provided, there is really no direct incentive to provide any services (How Will Paying for Performance Affect Patient Care?. (2006, March). Virtual Mentor, 8(3), 162-165). Effects of Pay for performance on the Future of Health Care Goldberg lists three points regarding the most significant implications of the movement toward paying for quality outcomes. These are that the quality and value become real parts of contractual reimbursement, the differences based on quality outcomes will be more evident grouped with provider tiers,  and quality metrics evolve to outcome-based and chronic disease management (Goldberg 2006). P4P is an incentive-based reimbursement system that rewards the best players. This pay for performance system is currently active in health systems, managed care settings, and private and group physician’s practices. P4P is likely to impact the entire health care environment and will provide yet another opportunity for pharmacy to become an active role player and leader with improving quality and efficient health care. The focus is not on value but on quality and cost. Pay for performance is not a new program, but in the age of informed choice, evidence based medicine, and patient safety, it can become the solution to our current health care dilemma (Pay for performance (P4P): Evaluating Current and Future Implications). Conclusion These pay for performance systems and programs will lead expansion across the United States health care industry in the near future. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, there has been a great amount of provision made to encourage continued improvement with quality of care. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are groups of providers that agree to coordinate care and to be held accountable for the quality and cost of the services they provide (James, 2012). There needs to be a consensus as to how much of an incentive will have to be given in order to affect the needed change and how should these incentives be paid out monthly, quarterly, or yearly; and how can these improvements be sustained over time. Continued experimentation with the pay for performance model should begin to incorporate monitoring and evaluation in identifying design elements that will also affect outcomes in a positive way. Variations in health care markets should be evaluated and include comparison groups to isolate pay for performance from other types of factors. Pay for performance has some great attributes to it and could definitely be the beginning to improvements in quality of service. If physicians are receiving patients and referrals based on their ability to provide quality of service with reduced readmissions and more satisfied consumers, then the care they take in providing services to patients from admission to discharge will create positive change. References Cromwell, J., Trisolini, M. G., Pope, G. C., Mitchell, J. B., and Greenwald, L. M., Eds. (2011). Pay for Performance in Health Care: Methods and Approaches. RTI Press publication No. BK-0002-1103. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.rti.org/rtipress Goldberg, L. (2006). Paying for performance a call for quality health care. Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/us_chs_p4p_032806%281%29.pdf Hood, R. (2007). Pay-for-Performance-Financial Health Disparities and the Impact on Healthcare Disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99, 1-6. James, J. (2012). Pay-for-Performance. New payment systems reward doctors and hospitals for improving the quality of care, but studies to date show mixed results.. Health Policy Brief, 1-6, Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=78. Kautter, J., Pope, G., Trisolini, M. (2007, Fall). Medicare physician group practice demonstration design: quality and efficiency pay for performance. Health Care Financing Review, 29(1), 15-29. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Demonstration-Projects/DemoProjectsEvalRpts/downloads/PGP_D emo_Design.pdf Kimmel, K. (2005). Pay for Performance: An Economic Imperative for Clinical Information Systems. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.himss.org/content/files/PayForPerformance.pdf Mayes, R. (2006). The Origins of and Economic Momentum Behind Pay for Performance Reimbursement. Health Law Review, 15, 17-22. Pay for performance (P4P): Evaluating Current and Future Implications. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from https://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/QII/Pay for performance.aspx Rosenthal, M. (2006). How Will Paying for Performance Affect Patient Care?. Virtual Mentor, 8, 162-165.

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure This paper attempts to demonstrate the annual report of Sainsbury from its corporate governance aspects and evaluate the information provided in the annual report from 5 parts: the main corporate governance mechanisms, the ownership structure, the audit report, the audit committee, and the voluntary disclosures. 2.0 corporate governance mechanisms The chairman of the Board is Philip Hampton since 2004. It consists of three Executive Directors and six Non-Executive Directors. 2.1 Division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive Corporate governance of Sainsbury set division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive. The chairman is the leadership of the board. His responsibilities are designing its agenda and ensuring effectiveness of the board. Also the chairman of Sainsbury keeps communicating with shareholders effectively because the Board must know the opinions of major shareholders. In addition he makes sure that the Chief Executive could get a strategy, which must be supported by the Board as a whole. Furthermore Philip Hampton promotes constructive relations between the Executive and Non-Executive Directors. Justin King is the Chief Executive of Sainsbury, his responsibilities is executing the strategy, which was agreed by the Board. He also creates a framework of values, organization and objectives to make sure the successful delivery of key targets. Finally he takes a leading role, with the Chairman, in the relationship with all external agencies and in promoting Sainsburys. The division of responsibilities can help company to increase corporate governance and reduce the principal-agent problem. Chief Executives strategy must be agreed by the Board, at the same time, the Chairman must effectively communicate with shareholders. Therefore the Board will monitor the strategy and make sure it is represent the shareholders profit. 2.2 Independence of Non-Executive Directors Non-Executive Directors are elected by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting and appointed for an initial three-year term. If they get mutual agreement and shareholders agreement, their appointment could be extended for a second term. There has a regulation to increase the independence that all the Non-Executive Directors are independent according to the provisions of the Code. This means that there is no compromise to the independence of the Directors who have executive or non-executive roles with other companies. Directors may have a direct or indirect interest that conflicts with companys interests without independence. The Board has established procedures for the disclosure by Directors of any such conflicts, and also for the consideration and authorization of these conflicts by the Board. In accordance with the Act, the Board considered and authorized each Directors reported potential conflicts of interest during the year. The Board will continue to monitor and review potential conflicts of interest on a regular basis. 2.3 Remuneration Committee The Committee is chaired by Bob Stack who was appointed a Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Committee on 1 January 2005. There are four main responsibilities for Remuneration Committee: First, determining and agreeing with the Board the broad remuneration policy for the Chairman, Executive Directors and the Operating Board Directors; Second, setting individual remuneration arrangements for the Chairman and Executive Directors; Third, recommending and monitoring the level and structure of remuneration for those members of senior management within the scope of the Committee, namely the Operating Board Directors and any other executive whose salary exceeds that of any Operating Board Director; Fourth, approving the service agreements of each Executive Director and including termination arrangements. 3.0 Ownership J Sainsbury plc is a PLC (Public limited Company). Also it has a limited liability, which means that no shareholder of Sainsbury is personally responsible for the debts, obligations, or acts of the company. From the data of FAME, GOVERNMENT OF QATAR via its funds has 26.01% of total shares, THREE DELTA (HOLDCO) LLP own 25%, RAZINO LTD occupy 6.98%, LORD SAINSBURY OF TURVILLE has 5.83%, LEGAL GENERAL GROUP PLC via its funds own 3.99%, and BLACKROCK, INC. via its funds own 3.52%. (Specific data will be shown on appendix) 4.0 Audit Report Sainsbury invite PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP to do the audit for the company. In Sainsburys 2009 annual report PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP demonstrate the audit report, which shows their responsibilities, basis of audit opinion and audit opinion. 4.1 Audit opinion Audit opinions in the 2009 annual report reflect three things First, in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union , the Group financial statements give a true and fair view about Groups affairs as at 21 March 2009 and its profit and cash flows for the 52 weeks then ended; Second, the financial statements and the part of the Remuneration report to be audited have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985 and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation; Third is about the information, which is given in the Directors report is consistent with the financial statements. From audit opinion, we can understand 5.0 Audit Committee In 2009 annual report, I find members of the Committee are independent Non-Executive Directors. Auditor independence has been strengthened by this The main responsibility for audit Committee of Sainsbury is to monitor the integrity of the financial statements and any formal announcements relating to the Companys financial performance, also reviewed any significant financial judgments contained in them. The Committee has responsibility to make sure the Companys financial controls and the systems of internal control and risk management work efficiently. Where any weaknesses were identified, the detailed actions for resolution are closely monitored through to completion. In addition, the Committee has implemented the Companys policy which restricts the engagement of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in relation to non-audit services. This is another useful function for audit committee of Sainsbury to increase the auditor independence. The policy is designed to ensure that such services do not have influence on external auditors independence and objectivity. Another very important responsibility for audit committee is the system of internal control. The Audit Committee has reviewed the effectiveness of the system of internal control. In addition, if there have some weakness of the system of internal control, the committee must make sure the relevant remedial actions are taken to solve these problems. 6.0 Evaluation of the quality of any Voluntary Disclosures This paper will show Sainsburys Voluntary Disclosures from four aspects: food, employee environment, and social. 6.1 Food Basing on 2009 annual report, we can see that Sainsbury tries its best to provide and inspire customers to eat a healthy food. Without decreasing the taste and quality or increasing the prices, the company makes products as healthy as possible. There also have some highlights during 2009 on this part. For example, reducing the fat in their products and reducing the sugar in all of their squash lines by ten per cent. Products are the most important elements for a supermarket. Sainsbury pay a lot of attention on improving the healthy of their products. And this voluntary disclosure can help the company to attract more customs. 6.2 Employee During the year ending March 2009 Sainsbury generated 5,000 new jobs by opening 11 new supermarkets. Also the corporation created a program called You Can, which now have over 2,000 colleagues participating in. 760 colleagues have been recruited in 2008/09 by providing job opportunities to the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged. 6.3 Environment Sainsburys was the first UK food retailer to publish an environment report which we did in 1996. The company holds Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, in order to minimize the waste from its business and customer. The highlights during 2009 are environmentally efficient stores, which was first opened Dartmouth, Devon. This green store focuses on decreasing overall CO2 emissions, energy consumption. Also, the green store efficiently uses the Rainwater to harvest, by which can reduce mains water usage by 60 per cent, saving around one million litters of mains water every year. This disclosure will highly increase the corporate reputation of Sainsbury. 6.4 Social This is another part, which can significantly improve Sainsburys corporate reputation. From 2009 annual report, we can find several highlights, for instance, Active Kids, which was beginning in 2005, in 2009 Sainsbury donated over  £70 million worth of sports equipment and experiences to schools, nurseries, Scouts and Girl guiding UK. In addition, Food Donation program, In 2008/09 the company donated over  £5 million worth of surplus food to a network of charities across the UK. Sainsbury do well in this part, it help a lot of people at the same time, companys reputation increase by disclosing these information. Even though customs lost confidence during 2008, Sainsbury still have good performance in 2008/2009, the important reason is the actions, which was mentioned in the environmental and social disclosures help the company to increase their reputation in their customs mind. 7.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Sainsbury par a lot of attention on independence not only on internal company but also on external auditors. This is very important for a company to increase its corporate governance. Meanwhile, making sure managers represent the shareholders profits. Furthermore, according to the voluntary disclosure, we find that Sainsbury regard company reputation as the most important part. Because of this, Sainsbury still performance well in recent year even the economical environment is worse in UK.

Hamlet Essays -- Literature

Comedy and tragedy are two totally opposing genres but both have been very successful during the Elizabethan period. Several plays were written to help people to be instructed in a general way and to purge their emotions through the laughing in comedy or the crying in the tragedy. Among the writers of tragic plays, there was Shakespeare with one of his most famous play The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Regarding comedy, John Lyly takes the myth of Endymion in his courtly comedy Endymion, the Man in the Moon. Starting from these two plays this essay will look at the boundaries that allow defining and distinguishing between tragedy and comedy as well as their importance at the time. Tragedy and comedy stand out mainly by the fact that one of these genres makes people cry and the other makes them laugh. The boundary between the two is not always easy to distinguish, since a play can be considered as a comedy without being funny, simply because it has a happy ending. The issue here is to contrast these two genres to better draw the border between them. The comedy featured ordinary characters and thus allowed people to laugh at their pains and ironic situations. Unlike comedy, tragedy had as protagonists, people of high social level. The characters of the tragedy are usually caught in a fate that they cannot escape. It is rare that the tragedy gives a solution or it is in most cases death. To summarise, comedy was designed to make people laugh and show that a happy ending is possible, it often ends with marriages, while the tragedy shows that even very important persons can find themselves in situations that are beyond them and that lead them to their downfall. By writing The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Den... ... of Revenge. 315 o A Theory of Renaissance Tragedy. pp. 292 †¢ Bolt, Sydney. (1985). Hamlet. Peguin Masterstudies. †¢ Deats, Sara. (Nov., 1975). The Disarming of the Knight: Comic Parody in Lyly's "Endymion" South Atlantic Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 4. pp. 67-75 †¢ Houppert, Joseph W. (1975). John Lyly. Twayne Publishers, Boston. o Chapter 2. Non-Dramatic Fiction. I Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit. pp. 22-52 o Chapter 7. Lyly’s Reputation and Influence. I Lyly the Stylist. pp. 147-150 †¢ Jump, J. Davies. (1968). Shakespeare: Hamlet: a casebook. London: Macmillan. L. C. Knight. o L.C. Knight. (1960) Hamlet and Death. pp. 151-155 o Mack, Maynard. (1952). The World of Hamlet. pp. 86-107 †¢ Lyly, J., Bevington, D. M. (1996). Endymion. Manchester: Manchester University Press. †¢ Neufeld, M. Christine. Lyly’s Chimerical Vision: Witchcraft in Endymion.

Violent Video Games: Dangerous Entertainment Essay -- Essays Papers

Violent Video Games: Dangerous Entertainment Since the beginning of organized society, entertainment has always been an aspect closely tied with human nature. From the times of ancient empires, such as the Romans and Greeks, humans have used entertainment as an outlet to escape the harsh reality of everyday life. Although in those times, entertainment was considered duels to the death with animals and other humans opposed to the censored reality shows and formulaic movies we have today. However, there isn’t much difference between the mortal combat that was exercised in ancient times, and the mortal combat that trickles down into today’s censored forms of television, music, and especially video games. Video games have progressed over recent years, becoming popular amongst a variety of people. Many authority figures object to many of today’s more gruesome games, feeling that such games have negative psychological effects on its players. Studies have shown that violent video games are in fact more harmf ul then violent television and movies because of the interactive nature of the games. â€Å"Young men and women who are habitually aggressive may be especially vulnerable to the aggression-enhancing effects of repeated exposure to violent games. Brief exposure to violent video games can temporarily increase aggressive behavior in all types of participants,† (Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D., Karen E. Dill, Ph.D.). Other researchers however, have come to different conclusions regarding the effects video games have on people. â€Å"The proponents also suggest that it may be a friendly way of introducing children to computers and may increase children hand eye coordination and detention to detail,† (The Psychological and Physical Impact, Nov... ...hat immediate action should be taken in order to control the violence in video games today. There should be a profound improvement in previewing games before they are released into the market in order to get a more accurate censorship rating so that America’s youth isn’t exposed to entertainment that could affect their well being. If we do not act immediately, who knows how many more Columbines, and other tragic offenses will occur. Works Cited - â€Å"Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and Life.† Yahoo. American Online. 7 November, 2004. - Willenz, Pat. â€Å"Violent Video Games can Increase Aggression.† April 20, 2000. www.apa.org/releases/videogames.html - â€Å"The Psychological and Physical Impact.† Nov, 2000. Yahoo. American Online. 7 November, 2004. www.multimedia.design.curtin.edu/cache/g/0007/

International Relation Essay

The writing of Nicholas Kristof offers an objective and practical insight into one of the lease understood and one of the most ignored regions in world-Africa. Unlike many arm chair theorists, Kristof has personally made a number of detours of Africa, especially its violence torn regions, notably Darfur in Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Liberia, seen the devastation wrecked by years of conflict, met the victims, listened their tales, and took their stories to international audience. However, unlike many reporters, Kristof’s stories do not end with the tales of the victims, but they involve readers by raising the question of individual actions on readers’ part. The images and narrations that subtly form the watermark of Kristof’s canvas continue to remind readers that while governments across the world would try to approach the problem from political consideration, the human crisis and tragedy unfolding in African regions also necessitates participation by international citizens. In several of this blogs Kristof makes it clear that participation doesn’t imply people taking the first flight to Africa-it’s about creating a sense of solidarity and unity about the cause, creating a notion of identification, and inspiring people with the idea that something should be done. Action, Kristof maintains, comes quite later; and even when it comes, it may not be the direct action. However, once people reach a collective level of thought and idea, they are better positioned to create the platform for the action. Kristof brings out the daily landscape of war ravished African towns, uprooted people, and broken societies and culture simply, but very realistically and powerfully. His writing is not about convincing people of what he has seen or experienced, but rather of allowing them to experience his experiences. Gradually, building a continuous series of small insights, events, narrations, stories, Kristof takes readers to the depth of his observation, and the Africa, which most of his readers have only seen in images, movies and news, assumes a living shape, speaking to the readers through its people whom Kristof meets and interviews. The vagueness lifts and we see real people living through some of the most difficult situations imaginable, and yet maintaining the semblance of life, order, and ordinary hope in their endeavor to construct as stable a future as the circumstances allow them. Through Kristof work we also get a taste of what developed nations are doing or pretending to do in Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Chad, and various other countries that are locked in vicious conflict. As it appears the network and coordination among global organizations, particularly UN and individuals appears to be more effectual that aid programs and campaigns run by European and American governments. The amount of aid and help, although promised in hundreds of millions of dollars and Euros, hardly make to the people who would need it most. And yet, life moves on in Africa. And it is this depiction of movement, constant change, and readiness to accept even the most challenging circumstances, upheavals and uncertainties and assimilate them as a daily part of life and move ahead, that makes Kristof’s work on Africa significant and vital from every social and political aspect. Africa For a very considerable time Africa had been called the ‘Dark Continent’. This term, if analyzed closely, is not a reflection upon Africa, but upon the rest of the world, who could not, or rather did not peer into a whole and huge continent. Thus when the world called Africa as Dark continent, it was admittance of their own ignorance and lack of knowledge about the place, that in all probability was the origin of humankind. Africa consist of 53 independent countries today, and numerous tribes, ethnic communities and cultures, which are spread from the extent of Sahara desert to the deep recess of equatorial rain forests. By western standards, Africa is not developed and advanced, which is surprising considering the fact that for a larger part of previous couple of centuries, a considerable portion of Africa was colonized by various European powers. Today our understanding of Africa has widened considerably, thanks to dedicated explorers, researchers, aid and charity workers, and of course media. However, if we try to put this understanding in different compartments of knowledge, the images and visions making up the almost the entire picture constitute of a poverty-stricken, war ravished, famished, diseased, illiterate, and generally suffering population which is looking towards rest of the world for help and aid. Indeed these images are not doctored and they do represent the reality that they want to convey; however, it is vital to understand that real as they are, the images, videos and clips that we see on news channels, books and books form only a part of the vast reality of Africa. The northern provinces of Africa exhibit cultural influence of both Asia and Europe, with their geographical proximity to both these continents. Countries situated near the equator have a rich blend of tribal and semi urban cultural influence. Within previous 50 years, many of the countries have made remarkable progress, such as Cameroon, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, and Uganda among many others. However, there is a the bitter reality of intense regional conflict, tribal clashes and war that has deeply afflicted several major countries of Africa, the notable among them being Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Chad. Decades of conflict in these regions have claimed millions of lives, and created an international humanitarian crisis of a magnitude that is often compared to the crisis of Jews during the Second World War. Unfortunately the international knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of Africa and its people is extremely limited and dependent upon only the eye catching events that occur there. In the recent decades, much of the Africa has been projected from suffering through political stability, collapse of the law and order, war, famine, and tribal conflict. These images and stories persuade people to drop Africa from their travel itinerary; Africa is never considered in the same way as Europe, Australia or Asia Pacific countries are considered.

Assessment History Essay

Then and Now: History of Assessments Used in Special Education In today’s world students are being diagnosed every day for multiple disorders. Over the history of special education both standardized (formal) and curriculum based (informal) assessments have been created and implemented to help make sure that students are receiving the proper support to help them meet their educational goals. Assessments within special education are implemented to determine a student’s strengths as well as pinpoint areas where they may need extra support and guidance. (Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007) The results of the assessments given to students will be used to decide if the student qualifies for special education services. The assessments used in the United States have developed in conjunction with special education services, to what we know and use today. This paper will outline the history of assessments administered in the United States, discuss how today’s application of assessment differs, and how these changes have impacted special education as a whole. History of Assessments The history of special education has evolved greatly over the years. Prior to the 1970’s there were very few individuals with special needs being served within the public school system. There were two federal laws passed in 1975 that would aid in the process of children enrolling in the public schools. The first law was Education for All Handicapped Children (EHA), this law requires that children of all ability levels receive the right to public education. The second law that played a key role in providing students with disabilities appropriate education is the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). The IDEA not only requires students with disabilities access to public education but that the school district provides personalized services (special education) for individuals who qualify. (Special Education News, 2013) The laws and legislative acts passed advocate for these students, making sure they receive free and appropriate education. As special education evolved over the years so did many of the tools used to assess students with special needs. Although â€Å"Interest in intelligence dates back thousands of years, it wasn’t until [the early 1900’s that] psychologist. Alfred Binet was commissioned to identify students who needed educational assistance, that the first IQ test was born. † (Cherry, 2013). This type of assessment was a standardized test that measured the individual in areas such as their: skills, character traits, attitudes, knowledge, and educational measurement. As the special education field grew, the use of the Simon-Binet method spread quickly across the Western world. (Reschly, 2002). â€Å"Historically, educational assessment in the United States has been dominated by psychometric assumptions and approaches,† such as the Simon-Binet Scale. (McLaughlin & Rouse, 2000). However, as time as the years have gone by the assessments and protocols used for special education have adapted and evolved. Today’s Assessment / Impact of changes In today’s world there are a variety of assessments and tools to choose from when working with and identifying students with special needs. These assessments fall under two categories, the first being standardized assessments, and the second being curriculum based assessments. The Binet scale, now known has the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale has been adapted since it was introduced to educators in 1905, and is one of the many standardized assessment tools still used today. Although standardized tests are a great starting point for diagnosing students with special needs it should not be the sole contributor to the diagnosis of a student. Two main concerns when using a standardized test such as the Stanford-Binet scale are that it is culturally unfair and testing conditions and interpretation of test results influence how the student will do on the assessment. Often the standardized tests that are implemented within the school district have been created in the UK or the United States and are mainly designed to be used among white, middle-class children. Therefor if this test is used for any child outside of the specific target group it will be unfair and could lead to the misdiagnosis of students who need special education services. (Newton, 2009) â€Å"For example, if a student with limited English proficiency were assessed using an IQ measure where the directions are given in English, this student’s performance would likely be compromised based upon limited understanding of the instructions, resulting in a significant underestimate of the student’s true intelligence. † (GCU, 2013) It is  extremely important for educators to properly assess the students and to make sure we work with them in their areas of struggle prior to labeling them as needing special education. Since every assessment has its pros and cons it is a teachers responsibility to become familiar with their students and know what assessment would best fit their needs. Since there can be some limitations with standardized tests educators may want to explore various curriculum based assessments to aid in the process of identifying these students. One common curriculum based assessments that is used today is the Response to Intervention (RTI). RTI is a type of educational intervention that is implemented to provide students who are having difficulties extra assistance prior to referring them to a special education program. This informal assessment tool is a multi-level prevention system that helps students succeeds in their education. Teachers will follow RTI by monitoring the students’ progress on a regular basis, implementing evidence-based interventions of varying intensities depending on how the student is responding. (NCRTI, 2010). Curriculum based assessments such as RTI have many benefits to students and Educators. Educators today may choose to use these types of assessments because it allows them to be proactive about the problem at hand, they are easy to implement into a classroom routine, if interventions are successful the child will be brought back up to grade level without needing special education services. (Wilmshurst & Brue, 2013) Conclusion The assessments and protocols developed throughout the history of special education have evolved and implemented to benefit the students, as well as special education as a whole. Each assessment and intervention has been created to aid educators in the process of serving their students to the best of their abilities. School systems went from using one assessment tool to identify and work with students with disabilities to having a vast selection to choose from. Both formal and informal assessment tools used by educators in today’s society aid in the process of diagnosing and helping students who qualify for special education services. Although, there are some assessment tools that may be better than others, each one will have their pros and cons. Educators can create and use assessment tools that reflect what we know about the student and their learning abilities. The educators and their school districts â€Å"can do so by building on what we have learned during the past decade, and ensuring that the process and outcomes of their approach to alternate assessment are transparent and subject to review, stand up to both technical and ethical scrutiny, push practices and outcomes in the expected and desired directions, and can be improved through data-based oversight over time. † (Quenemoen, 2008). Educators will have to use the best judgment and knowledge to decide what assessment(s) will best work for them. Whether educators use one assessment or a variety of assessments, the main objective is to give the student the best chance to succeed in their education and assist them in becoming functioning members of our their community. References Cherry, K. (2013). History of Intelligence Testing. Retrieved from: http://psychology. about. com/od/psychologicaltesting/a/int-history. htm Grand Canyon University. (2013). Types of Evaluation. Received from: www. my. gcu. edu McLaughlin, M. & Rouse, M. (2000). Special Education and School Reform in the United States and Britain. New York, NY: Routledge. Newton, C. (2009). Problems with IQ and Psychometric Assessment. Retrieved from: www. inclusive-solutions. com/word/IQ_Problems_Jan. doc? NCRTI. (2010). Essential Components of RTI. Retrieved from: http://www. rti4success. org/ Pierangelo, R. & Giuliani, G. (2007). Understanding Assessment in the Special Education Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Quenemoen, R. (2008). A brief history of alternate assessments based on alternate achievement standards (Synthesis Report 68). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, National Center on Educational Outcomes. Retrieved from: http://www. cehd. umn. edu/NCEO/onlinepubs/Synthesis68/Synthesis68. pdf Reschly, J. D. (2002). Change Dynamics in Special Education Assessment: Historical and Contemporary Patterns. Peabody Journal of Education, V77 n2 p117-36. Retrieved from: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/10/ The History of Special Education in the United States. (2013). Special Education News. Retrieved from: http://www. specialednews. com/the-history-of-special-education-in-the- united-states. htm Wilmshurst, L. & Brue, W. A. (2013). Advantages of Response to Intervention. Retrieved from: http://www. education. com/reference/article/advantages-rti/

Body Fat and Eating Disorders Essay

Body composition is composed of lean tissues and fats in the body. Lean tissue includes muscle, bone, and organs, while fats include essential, non-essential, and storage. Obesity has environmental and lifestyle effects. Some effects include high availability of fast food and high fat content food. Advertisements for different types of foods are seen all over the television, and a lot of the ads are for unhealthy foods that are aimed at children. Many families are limited to buying the cheaper foods that are found in stores. Health foods are often more costly and low income families simply cannot afford them. Inexpensive foods are often served in portions that are well above the recommendations for servings. Families keep themselves so busy in this day and time, and this leads to buying foods that are convenient to make. Convenience foods can often be high in fat and calories, making them unhealthy choices. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes a fear of gaining weight. A person may feel fat even though he or she is extremely thin. Some of the health problems associated with anorexia are changes in brain chemistry, brittle hair and nails, weak muscles, bone loss, and fractures. Anorexia can also cause kidney failure and growth problems. Bulimia nervosa is when large amounts of food are uncontrollably eaten and then purged. A person with bulimia may use methods like abuse of diuretics and laxatives to get rid of the food that is eaten. Physical complications include irritation of esophagus, stomach, and throat from excessive vomiting. The teeth can become yellowed and damaged from the acid in vomit. Bulimia also causes lung irritation due to choking during vomiting. The choking allows food to enter the lungs. The loss of body fluids causes low potassium and sodium levels. Muscle spasms and weakness may also be experienced. Some of the health problems associated with it is low blood pressure, slow heart rate, bone loss, heart failure, or kidney failure. Bulimia nervosa is another eating disorder that can cause a lot of problems. Bulimia is actually a combination of anorexia and binging. Bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder and anorexia nervosa can all be serious, life threatening eating disorders. Depression or stress can cause an individual to eat too much which causes an excess weight gain and if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems. Eating too little can cause an individual to be lacking necessary nutrients needed for the body to function properly. Binge eating leads to a loss of control over the binging and purging associated with this disease. Individuals afflicted with these eating disorders typically eat foods that are high in sugar and salt content. The foods these individuals choose are low in healthier nutrients. For this reason, these individuals are at risk for type 2 diabetes which is very serious. High blood pressure, high cholesterol and gallbladder disease are other health risks associated with bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder and anorexia nervosa.

Philippine Literature Essay

Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliterature literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the pars pro toto term â€Å"letters† is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the figures of speech†arts and letters† and â€Å"man of letters. † Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction and non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose. Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as polemical works as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well as belles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. The concept of genre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central theme, and examples of genre include romance, mystery, crime, fantasy, erotica, and adventure, among others. Important historical periods in English literature includeOld English, Middle English, the Renaissance, the 17th Century Shakespearean and Elizabethan times, the 18th Century Restoration, 19th Century Victorian, and 20th Century Modernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature include feminism, post-colonialism, psychoanalysis, post-structuralism, post-modernism, romanticism, and Marxism. Literature’s three main divisions When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks. This wide variety of terms describing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types begins with three major paradigms: prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Prose is derived from a Latin root word, prosa, that means â€Å"straightforward† (other scholars argue that the root for â€Å"prose† is proversa oratio, which means † straightforward discourse. † Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. A victim of identity by negation, prose is frequently defined as â€Å"that which is not poetry. † Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also contains plot and the attendant narrative structures of plot. In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developed verse. Prosegenres are many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are: * novel – A lengthy fictional prose narrative. * novella – A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most common in science fiction and detective fiction. * short story – a brief fictional prose narrative. * anecdote – A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the Greek poetes which means â€Å"doer† or â€Å"creator,† is a catch-all term that is applied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is considered to be a subset of verse (and also considered to be superior to verse) both are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its â€Å"imaginative quality, intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose. † Most culture’s first serious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod). The purposes of poetry are said to include: 1. A didactic purpose, meaning that it aims to instruct the reader. 2. Unique insight that is not available in other genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To uplift the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning â€Å"to do,† drama is thought to have developed from ancient religious ceremonies. For instance, Greek comedy is traced to ancient fertility rites. Tragedy (which comes from the Greek word for â€Å"goat song†) can be traced back to sacrificial rituals. The term play has come to mean drama written exclusively for performance, while the â€Å"loftier† term drama, is commonly reserved for works that are considered to be more.

A Variety of Society Factors Cause Homelessness Essay

National Coalition for the Homeless is a charity that fights to end the homelessness through grassroots organizing, public education, and policy advocacy. They have pointed out the causes for the increasing number of homeless people in the U.S since 2000 in the article â€Å"A Variety of Social Factors Causes Homelessness.† Why is the number of the homeless people increasing day after day in the U.S? Poverty and the homelessness are the current controversial problem that has so many different causes from different countries all over the world. There are three main factors that the National Coalition for the Homeless pointed out in their article such as eroding work opportunities, a decline in public assistance, and a lack of affordable housing in the U.S. Do the authors clearly explain the problem in their article? For an article to be effective, it is imperative that it is clear on its purpose. In the previous essay, the author is successful in identifying the principle behind the article. From the first paragraph, the author is focused on addressing the causes of homelessness in the society (National Coalition for the Homeless 1). Therefore, the reader is aware of the rationale behind the article and its functions after reading the first paragraph. Importantly, this is observable in the consequent paragraphs of the article. The heading choice is consistent with the purpose of the article. The key words in the heading depict that the author is exploring the issue of homelessness in the society. The topic depicts that there are numerous social factors that contribute to the issue of homelessness. This influences the mindset of the readers when they are engaging the article, since they are aware of the contents of the essay, which clarifies that homelessness is a result of complex social factors. This is instrumental in ensuring that the readers comprehend the contents of the article better. When exploring the problem in the article, the author focuses on the predicament of homelessness. In addition, the author uses relevant examples to highlight the problem in depth. This is evident in the statistical data in the third paragraph, which is relevant to the U.S. society: In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. population, or 31.1 million people, lived in poverty. While the number of poor people has decreased a bit in recent years, the number of people living in extreme poverty has increased (National Coalition of Homelessness, paragraph 3, page 1). The author uses information on poverty levels, and current housing situations to explore the issue of homelessness comprehensively. The author is also clear on the causes of the previous problem. In the article, the author identifies poverty and lack of housing, which is affordable as the primary cause for homelessness in the society. These statistics from the Institute for Children and Poverty are particularly revealing: In the institute fo r Children and Poverty study, 37% of homelessness families had their welfare benefits reduced or cut last year. Additionally, a second study of six states found that between 1997 and 1998, 25% of families who had stopped receiving welfare in the last six months doubled-up on housing to save money, and 23% moved because they could not pay rent (National Coalition of Homelessness, page 2 – 3). However, other secondary causes are also highlighted in the article, and this includes lack of employment, low wages, and a decrease in social support, among others. The author correlates the secondary and primary causes to explore the problem. Despite the author actively highlighting the homelessness problem being experienced in the society, there is not solution provided for the problems. The author concentrates on the social factors which contribute to the problem and how they contribute. The essay is exhaustive when exploring the topic. The author uses numerous examples to explain the significance of the problem. For instance, the author explores the significance of the health sector in the issue of homelessness. This example gives a new dimension to the topic and shows the complexity of the social issues causing homelessness. In addition, the article is valid. This is due to the author’s use of authoritative sources in the field. This is evident in the statistical data, from studies by the Housing and Urban Development (HUD), on the previous problem. The author also engages credible and accurate information on the issue giving the article authority on the topic. The author uses relevant evidence to support the claims of the article. For instance, on this issue of poverty, the author quotes data of average incomes, which is earned by American families: In the data, a 1998 study estimated that 46% of the jobs with the most growth between 1994 and 2005 pay less than $16,000 a year; these jobs will not lift families out of poverty. Moreover, 74% of these jobs pay below a livable wage ($32,185 for a family of four) (National Coalition of Homelessness, page 2). This shows the level of income earned by the American population and its influence in the housing sector. The article also has other relevant examples to support the author’s sentiments. The argument of the author also appeals to the readers emotions. This is clear in the approach of the author to highlight the effect of poverty on society and its influence on homelessness. This elicits emotions from the audience since the issues affect are relatable to the human situation. The article is characterized by the use of data and studies from various authorities on the issue. The author has been effective in making the key words in these studies clear for the audience through elaboration. Therefore, the important words in the article are defined effectively. In the second article, â€Å"Homelessness is not society’s problem,† the author uses a challenging title, in that the view is provocative to the addressees. This appears to be a controversial perspective concerning the issue of homelessness due to the emotions related to the topic (Carnacchio 1). Despite the rationale of the article, the argument is not valid since the society cannot disassociate itself from social problems. However, the second article gives for the readers more sides of view about the homeless people. Only some of the homeless people who are not willing to assume the responsibilities associated with maintaining a job and a permanent residence. As White points out, â€Å"In Los Angeles’ inner city, Paul Koegel and M. Audrey Burnam found that nearly 80% of alcoholics in their sample of homeless adults ‘reported that their first alcoholic symptom occurred before they were first homeless’ and that in 57% of the cases this occurred at l east five years before their first episode of homelessness.† (Carnacchio, page 2). The article â€Å"A Variety of Social Factors Causes Homelessness† provides a solid argument concerning the issue of homelessness. The author appears to be conversant with the topic and cites authoritative sources on the issue. The topic is instrumental in highlighting the numerous social factors that contribute to homelessness in the American society. Furthermore, homelessness is still a serious problem which has so many different causes but the society have not had the solutions for this problem. From all information of the article, I have learned more knowledge about the causes of homelessness in the U.S. which is a well-developed country but it does exist the homelessness. The cause is not only from the society, but it is also among to all people who are living in this world assume the responsibility for their life and their families. Works Cited National Coalition for the Homeless. A Variety of Social Factors Causes Homelessness. Current Controversies: Poverty and the Homeless. Mary E. Williams. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints Resources Center. Gale. Houston Community College. 18. Jan 2013. Carnacchio, C. J. Homelessness Is Not Society’s Problem. Opposing Viewpoints: The Homeless. Ed. Jennifer A. Hurley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2002. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Houston Community College. 21. Jan 2013.

Inheritance Lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inheritance Lab - Essay Example 2. Identify and record your possible genotypes based on your phenotypes. Genotypes are represented using two alleles. Identify the alleles using the letters indicated below (capital letter indicates dominant allele, lowercase indicates recessive allele): 3. Using your possible genotypes, identify and record all of the possible pairings of parental genotypes that could have led to your possible genotypes. Crosses are denoted in this form: FF x Ff and indicates the genotypes of both parents. You should list all of the possible crosses that could lead to your phenotype. Use the chart below to record the observations of your phenotypes and to record your inferences regarding your genotype and all of the possible crossings of parental genotypes that can account for your genotype. Phenotypes are expressed with a single letter related to the trait. Genotypes include both alleles and are, thus, expressed with two letters (one for each allele). Possible parental genotypes and crosses consist of two genotypes crossed. For instance, a freckled person will have a phenotype of F and possible genotypes of FF and Ff. One of the possible parental genotype and crosses is (FF x Ff). Be sure to list all possible parental genotypes in terms of possible crosses. Crosses are denoted in this form: FF x Ff and you should list all of the possible crosses that could lead to your phenotype. It was observed that the presence of a dominant gene in the genotype always led to the expression of the dominant trait, which is seen as the phenotype. In addition, the occurrence of a certain genotype could result from the crossing of several possible parental genotypes. This lab provided knowledge that recessive traits were denoted by small letters while dominant traits were denoted by capital letters. One component of my genotype came from each parent due to

Critically explore the notion of revolution and its potential impacts Essay

Critically explore the notion of revolution and its potential impacts on social development - Essay Example The most well-known revolutions in the west history include The French Revolution (1789), the English Revolution (1640), the Russian Revolution (1917) and the American Revolution (1776) (Goldstone 1982, p.189). Social development, on the other hand, is the progressive and qualitative transformation of the social order within a society because of changes in ideologies. In this respect, social development is a function of social change; societies continuously undergo changes that result in improved institutional structures. Revolution and social development are thus closely related in that society progresses by evolutionary mechanisms; society’s reorganization through revolutions is the first step to social change, thus social development accordingly. Social development implies an improvement in social institutions that lead to improved quality of life in the society. Since time immemorial, many theorists have tried to explain the linkage between revolutions and social developme nt; specifically, a lot of attention has been drawn to the causal relationship between revolutions and social development. ... However, all these revolutions have instigated fundamental changes in cultures, economies and socio-political structures in those ancient societies. The notion of revolution has interested historians and political scientists for many years to the effect that the study of revolution has led to the evolution of two broad approaches; the historical and theoretical approaches (Lipsky 1976, p.495). The historical approach mainly focuses on the course of events of a given revolution in history, outlining its development and causal factors. The theoretical approach, on the other hand, is interested in formulating a general theory of revolution through examination of selected examples of revolutions in history; theorists in this approach focus on cause-effect relationships and classification of revolutions into various types. They are also interested in the dynamics of the revolutionary process and the long-term impact of revolutions on society. The causes of revolutions have been a focal po int in revolution studies; theorists have tried to explain the origin of revolutions as a two-step process; a sudden change in the existing order occurs creating the conditions for a revolution to occur. In such enabling socio-political environment, any unfortunate eventuality in a society such as a poor harvest can trigger a revolution. For instance, Marxism posits that revolution is a result of the inevitable conflict between classes for the means of production (Britannica.com, n.d). Tocqueville, another 19th century theorist, argues that revolutions in a society arise out of the demand for accelerated socio-economic progress (Lipsky 1976, p.496). However, modern approaches have linked revolutions to multiple

Why Does the World Ignore Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Does the World Ignore Africa - Essay Example Despite the abundance in Africa's natural resources it is still one of the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continents. This economy is often the reason for a number of deadly conflicts, guerilla warfare and genocides within different African states: the Darfur conflict. Human rights are also a cause of major cause as they are brutally violated in states like Zimbabwe and Sierra Leone. Basic amenities like healthcare are also severely lacking with deadly diseases and viruses like HIV/AIDS on the rise. With high levels of illiteracy, African states are unable to emerge from their developing status to provide any sort of contribution to the creation of an industrial or service sector. Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation affect the African population. The result is that the situation is severe enough for the last 25 ranks in the United Nations Human Development Report to be African states (Reuters). The reasons given for Africa's backwards condition are diverse and complicated. While countries like the United States swoop in to prevent and curb the spread of AIDS in Africa, little is done for the conflicts ranging in the African states. The civil wars are ignored because the world sees them as wars between the Africans to seize and exploit human rights. Tragedies like the Rwandan genocide were shown by the Western media as just another incident of tribal violence in Africa (Heleta 2009). The weapons used to kill the victims were the most simple and brutal available: men, women and children were hacked to death with simple machetes. The death of nearly a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus by the brutal extremists in Rwanda created not a stir of sympathy or assistance. Instead, the UN Security Council was pressurized by its major components: United States and Britain to cut down the number of UN troops in the region from 2500 to 270, right in the midst of the genocide. The French were no less severe as they were held responsible for training the Hutu troops that attacked the Tutsis, all in the name of retaining their French influence in the region. History today sees Ramada as one of the biggest UN failures not only because of its inability to curb the violence but also because while it drew out troops from Rwanda it increased the numbers being sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina. On a trip to Rwanda in 1998 Clinton did apologize stating "We in the United States and the world community did not do as much as we could have and should have done to try to limit what occurred in Rwanda in 1994" (The Radford Reviews). The question arising is that why did the world not do anything Many claim this to be a move to protect the white man while ignoring the black one. Western governments' were said to be aware of this genocide and yet it did nothing to intervene. So after Rwanda's atrocities why did the developed world not prevent the tragedy of Darfur 300,000 people were killed in this region and no action was taken by any government to intervene. The Darfur Daily News complains and rightly so that the United Nations has been created to prevent such atrocities and has been unable to fulfill its responsibilities (2009). So maybe all the accusations placed on the world for favoring a certain race or ignoring the problems of another country is well-founded in the lack of interest shown for Rwanda and Darfur. It has already been mentioned that Africa has

The Doctrines of Pythagoras- Doing in Ovids The Metamorphoses Essay

The Doctrines of Pythagoras- Doing in Ovids The Metamorphoses - Essay Example Overall the stories and connected by idea of transformation, starting with the physical changes which created the world, and in the manner in which the gods, in their longing to disrupt with life on the continent, are persistently changing their own presence and form. However, the most famous changes in the book are those remarkable time when a living being is transformed into something else. Many of the stories of transformation are concerned with severe suffering. This grants to practically all them a naturally dramatic superiority because they irregularly focus on a vulnerable and objecting character suffering from godly or human vindictiveness. Further, the main characters are frequently innocent females, trailed by celestial or human rapists. In more simple terms, Metamorphoses is a catalogue of famous Greek and Roma stories, most which deal with violence, phenomenal transformation of appearance and suffering, organized in a loose series. Ovid’s style so frequently change s the relatively simple details of famous legend into convincing, extremely dramatic, and multifaceted tale (Due 12-30). Befitting Ovid’s continual poem, interest in the precise meaning of the Pythagoras’s speech in â€Å"Metamorphoses† 15 has proved to ever be unceasing. ... Since it appears in the final book, we can presume that it has some kind of programmatic function or, as is always is the case with Ovid, numerous functions. With regard to the preceding 14 books, Ovid incredibly regales to us with an enormous assortment of style and genres. Further, it is absolutely clear that this multiplicity as opposed to the analysis in terms of generic restraints, is the actual importance of the function of genre in the† Metamorphoses.† However, there has been the lack of philosophical disquisition until the last book. One of the many reasons, therefore, for Ovid’s insertion of this philosophical boastful bluster is merely to round out his whole virtuoso collection with, yet still, another magnificent piece (Mandelbaum 20-50). Secondly, the selection of Pythagoras was agreeable for that function and numerous others. At his time, Pythagoreanism represented a syncretistic assortment of the teachings of various philosophical schools, pseudo-scie ntific assumption, spirituality, and spiritual and religious dispensations. Accordingly, Ovid’s Pythagoras provides an diverse cause of mixture indebted to all types of philosophical teachings, including his own, Empedocles’, Heraclitus’s, and the Stoics’, alongside irregular insinuation, mostly for the purpose of counterargument, to Epicureans and Lucretius. The process finds its appropriate analogue in Ovid’s consideration of the material for the masterpiece â€Å"Metamorphoses†, which in the same way varies, not dogma, and inconsistency. For this case, Ovid’s poem is amid other things a collection of themes and styles. Meanwhile, Pythagoras speech is a collection of philosophers (Brunauer 40-50). Hardie thus argues that through the

Hume and the Utility of Practical Governance Essay

Hume and the Utility of Practical Governance - Essay Example Central to this concept is the implicit consent of the governed, whose accession to this arrangement is assumed to be voluntary. Hume disputed this notion, however, citing, as example, that there is nothing voluntary about an individual who is too poor to leave or seek subsistence anywhere but the nation of his birth. â€Å"We may as well assert, that a man, by remaining in a vessel, freely consents to the dominion of the master; though he was carried on board while asleep, and must leap into the ocean and perish, the moment he leaves her† (Graham 2011, p. 186). Hume’s essay â€Å"Of the Original Contract† argued that ideas about government by consent and the authority of the state must have context and a basis in historical fact to be practical. Hume decried the notion of original contract as put forth by the Whigs, whom he felt offered little concrete evidence and left too much to discretion and interpretation. In his view, it amounted to an invitation to revol t at the drop of the political hat. In other words, such theorizing might encourage citizens to rise up â€Å"whenever (the people) find themselves aggrieved by that authority, with which they have, for certain purposes, voluntarily entrusted (the sovereign)† (Forbes 1975, 93). ... n irresistibly powerful inclination to ascribe â€Å"liberal† or â€Å"conservative† leanings and associations to individuals who operate on the remotest periphery of the political sphere. Thus, it should come as no surprise that writers and historians have for centuries sought to paint Hume with a Tory or Whig brush (depending on their ideological preferences, of course). In light of the evidence, and Hume’s writings, this is a mistaken perspective. The most revealing information concerning Hume’s position on the original contract, and other political theories, came from Hume himself. â€Å"Hume provided an important clue to the proper interpretation of his political writings by referring himself as a ‘philosopher.’ As he pointed out, a philosopher looks at political problems differently than a spokesman for a political party† (Miller 1961). Miller notes – properly – that those who have studied Hume’s beliefs shoul d have concentrated on the â€Å"general principles which underly† the seemingly ambiguous statements Hume makes concerning government (Ibid). Miller makes a compelling argument, concluding that Hume cannot be considered partisan since he wrote as a political philosopher. In this light, Hume’s position concerning the original contract is one of pragmatism and expediency. His opinions are crafted so that they address the practical needs of government as he saw them in his day. 3 In his 1742 essay â€Å"Of Civil Liberty,† Hume is critical of both Tories and Whigs in regard to their treatment of the original contract. He is opposed to extremes, to the Tories’ â€Å"tracing up government to the Deity, (endeavoring) to render it†¦sacred and inviolate†¦, † and the Whigs’ regard of government as absolutely deriving from the consent of the people